This page is going to tell the history and development of Internet.
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Table of Contents
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Books
How the web was born: the story of the world wide web / James Gillies & Robert Cailliau
In 1993, a computer program called mosaic browser transformed the Internet from an academic tool into a telecomm revolution. The World Wide Web is a part of the morden commun landscape with tens of thousands of servers providing information to millions of users. Few people, however, realize that the Web was born at CERN, the Euripean Org. for Nuclear Research in Geneva, Switzerland. It was invented by an Englishman, Tim Berners Lee. This book tells how the idea for the Web came about at CERN, how it was developed and how it was eventually handed over for free for the rest of the world to use. This book also covers the history of computer networking from the 1950s to 1999, as well as interviews with the key players in the story.
A brief history of the future :the origins of the internet / John Naughton
The Internet is the most remarkable thing which human beings have built since the Pyramids. John Naughton writes about how the Internet works, how it came about and the history of the networking. In this book, Naughton also provides a detailed history of each of the characters who could be considered the forefathers of the Internet. Starting with its background in academia and military research, the author knits a number of seperate threads together providing a rich narrative of the Internet which has after all developed very quickly.
The story of the Internet / Stephen Bryant
This book charts the development of an invention that has a more dramatic effect on human communication than any since the telephone. The beginnings of the Internet can be found in the early days of the Cold War. Eisenhower’s America was stunned by the launch of the Russian Sputnik satellite. For the first time the American public felt vulnerable and the administration reacted quickly. In 1958 Eisenhower created ARPA (the Advanced Research Projects Agency), and NASA (the National Aeronautics and Space Administration). America aimed to gain complete technological superiority over the Soviet Union. Bob Taylor at ARPA was quick to realize that time and money could be saved if the huge mainframe computers, found in government departments and universities, could speak to each other. This was ARPA’s first achievement, and in 1969 the first network was created. The first e-mail was sent three years later. The computer remained huge and cumbersome until work by Bill Gates, and later Steve Wozniak of Apple, led to widespread ownership of personal computers in businesses and in the home. The George Bush changed all this by allowing it to be used for private and business purposes in 1992. Central to the way that we use the Internet today was the work of the British scientist Tim Berners-Lee, who created HTML (Hypertext Markup Language) in the early 1990s.
The internet : a historical encyclopedia / Hilary W. Poole &Laura Lamert&Chris Woodford&Christos J. P. Moschovitis
This book Illuminates the reality of worldwide access to information, this expanded three-volume set is a one-stop resource for Internet history, biographies of key figures, and analysis of how the Internet operates. The internet has revolutionized our world—without leaving home we can communicate with people in foreign countries, pay bills. In this book, the author highlights the comprehensive information on the past and present of the Internet world and its culture , coverage of social issues raised by immediate, networked communications and contains material of interest to people who study mass media, gender, business, and social history as well as technology.
Launching into cyberspace: intrenet development and politics in five world regions
In Launching into Cyberspace, Marcus Franda seeks to explore the impact of the Internet on international relations in the early twenty-first century through its development in five unique world regions: Africa, the Middle East, the former Soviet Union with portions of Eurasia, Central and Eastern Europe, and China and India. The relationship between the Internet and international relations has not developed on a worldwide basis . The first volume in this large research related to the advanced IT societies of U.S., Europe, and Japan and two largest nations in Asia— China and India. In this volume, each of which has been much less involved with the international regime for the Internet than those parts of the world covered. Taken together, the portions of the world covered in these first two volumes contain more than 80 percent of the global population.A third volume, comparing the development of Internet use and IT in China and India in the context of their great power rivalry, should be available in 2002. It is hoped that as part of the larger research project, future studies can be devoted to these remaining regions of the world-Latin American and Central American, Southeast Asia and the Remaining sections of East Asia, Australia and New Zealand — not explored in the first three volumes.
Internationalizing the Internet: the co-evolution of influence and technology / Byung-Keun Kim
The Internet system, a global network of computer networks, emerges as one of the core technological regimes in the current information and communication technology revolution. A leading contention in the Information Society debate is that the Internet is becoming increasingly important to societies and economic life because of its powerful potential to change economics, social and cultural systems at both national and global levels. This book aims to provide an alternative history of the development of the Internet and the consequence of it. The author explores the design processes of the Internet system, focusing on the way the different political and economic interests between social groups and countries have shaped the development of the Internet.
Websites
http://www.internet-story.com/
The Internet has been around for much longer than most people think, with its roots able to be traced back to the 1960s. This web site will give you an insight into the background and development of the medium. You’ll find information on its rapid growth, the fierce competition generated and the major players involved. Clear goals have driven some, whilst others have become household names almost by accident. Find fascinating facts on a phenomenon that has changed communication to an extent which was previously totally unimaginable.
http://www.isoc.org/
{{The Internet Society (ISOC) is a nonprofit organisation founded in 1992 to provide leadership in Internet related standards, education and policy. It is dedicated to ensuring the open development, evolution and use of the Internet for the benefit of people throughout the world.
- Provide leadership in addressing issues that confront the future of the internet
- Are the organisational home for the groups responsible for Internet infrastructure standards, including the Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) and the Internet Architecture Board( IAB).
- Act as a global clearinghouse for International information and education.
- Facilitate and coordinate Internet-related initiatives around the world.}}
“The history and development of the internet”
Generally, this is a comprehensive study of the history of the internet using a relevant and interesting range of literature. Throughout the review, the Web’s development is recorded in detail from its origins and then through its various stages (with the US military and NASA etc) right up to the emergence of email. Overall, the reader is given the impression that the internet is one of the greatest inventions ever. Indeed, it is compared only to the Pyramids of Egypt. Yet all of this enthusiasm is expressed in a language that is straightforward and easy to understand.
To avoid appearing like a selection of book summaries, it would be useful to have a more critical analysis regarding the useful and non-useful chapters of the literature. Furthermore, the examination could be brought up-to-date to include a general overview of search engines, globalization, social networking and audience interactivity etc. Some analysis of the negative aspects of the internet’s development might also be useful, especially abuse of the system by sex offenders and fraudsters etc.
'Challenges to Internet development'
Generally speaking there is no doubt that with the boom of internet there has been a significant impact on the lives of people. In the words of Giovannetti & Kagami, it is the digital revolution, “the recent economic changes that have occurred against the backdrop of rapid growth of production, and use of computers, the Internet, and the networked business processes are often referred to as Digital Revolution, bestowing on it an importance comparable to that of the Industrial Revolution.” (Giovannetti & Kagami, 2003:203)
But at the same time there is a big challenge to the Internet security which basically involves the data security. Data is a binary number that usually provides the starting key for the algorithm ‘which then transforms the data into readable version controlled by the key’. (DeVeau, 1999)
Therefore, key management is important from security point of view and at the same time becomes an important factor in data security. ‘The key must be secured in a safe place so those unauthorized individuals cannot access it. In most organizations, a system policy is developed that spells out who has the keys (and/or the power) to access sensitive data on the network’ (DeVeau, 1999).
An example of challenge to Internet security is sending or receiving a ‘Digital certificate’. In words of DeVeau, Digital certificate is any confidential document that involves the risk of being misused while doing business over internet. Electronic credit card can be the best example of Digital certificate that establishes the credentials for doing business or other transactions on the Web. ‘A governing party called “certification authority” issues the certificate. This certificate contains the user's name, a serial number, expiration dates, a copy of the certificate holder's public key, and the digital signature of the certificate-issuing authority so that a recipient can verify that the certificate is real.’ (DeVeau, 1999)
To make the literature review more comprehensive, it can be useful if considering the problems and challenges to the internet into consideration like the authentication and safety of the digital data, although there are some tools in place like firewalls, user authentication, data encryption key, Intrusion detection systems (IDS), virus detection, virtual private networks (VPN), and extranets.
Additionally, the deep understanding of the safe use of Internet can be helpful to examine so as to look at the different aspects of the Internet development, especially Internet fraudsters.
References:
Giovannetti,E & Kagami, M.(2003). The Internet revolution: a global perspective. UK: Cambridge University Press.
DeVeau, P. (1999). VPN = very profitable news. America's Network. Vol. 103 No. 8, May 15, pp.36-8.
In this research, it is drawn attention about the History and development of the Internet.
In this topic it is discusses the commencement of the web, the coos and prone of internet, the inception of internet in cold war and the connection between cyber space and internet.
However, it cannot be seen here that the facts are given clearly and in detail. In discussing the history of internet and its development it is better if the student had done same with a good and wide knowledge. When selecting the relevant references too, an accepted method of reference is not used.
In overall, in this Bibliography it can be seen negative and positive characters. By that it’s discussed the stages of the development in internet, the reasons for development and the benefits gained from the development for the present and the future. But if she has discussed the bad effects on development of internet (e.g.; Law of intellectual property and the breach of the Law by using the internet) the article would be a better one. Although the selected topic is good the given ideas are not sufficient according to my opinion.
+++Topic
The topic chosen by Hang Yang is ‘History and Development of Internet’. This topic has broad vision but the right effort is not made.
Approach
The story of the World Wide Web by James Gillier R Cailliau. The text on wiki was copied from page number 374 and posted as it is. That’s why it has jargon CERN, which was not cleared. CERN is Europe’s nuclear research centre (Bulletin of Atomic Scientists Dec 1955 ISBN 0-19-286207-3) volume xi, Number 10.
I think when describing about the World Wide Web, it is unwise to stick on one European centre rather taking about whole world. She then gave a brief history about the future relating to the origin of internet as we know internet is a remarkable thing which allowed you to join whole worlds as a global village. Here she just mentioned about the author has described the detail but she does not bother herself to write a bit detail and character of forefathers of the internet, so it can be presumed that the depth and breadth of research is insufficient. The summary of ‘the story of the internet by Bryant is copied up to 4 paragraphs and pasted as it is. No effort has made by Han, the online version of that is available at: http://plrcatalogue.pearson.com/Samples/9781405880138_FS_12_07.pdf
Organization
Likewise every portion of the wiki post is just copied and pasted without any relevancy with the topic. It is hard to find the material to compare because of unavailability of proper reference. The wiki entry is not effective, so that no idea can be taken by the subject. Lack of proper research can be noticeable.
Spelling and grammar
English is an international language, everybody has problem with it. Even it is harder for those whose first language is not English. I am also feeling the same problem. May be this is the reason Han Yang just copied text from the internet and posted it on wiki wall.
Bibliography
The chosen list of books is updated but the dimensions are not fully discussed nor are any valuable interpretations given. Her reviews most are just copied and pasted.
Conclusions
Miss Yang has not put effort to research however as the topic History and Development of the Internet can be discussed in a broad way. I cannot fully satisfy with the detail she has given to prove her depth of research.
This page contains interesting facts about world wide web. I am sure that it is news for many readers to know that a nuclear research department in Switzerland introduced Web. Book reviews are written in a way that they grasp reader’s attention. As a mass communications student above written book reviews are helpful for me to know more about internet and these reviews are also convincing readers to read whole books.
The above article authored by Han Yang has drawn comprehensive researches on the history of internet. The beauty of this work is that the author cited a number academic works from a number of renowned authors and critically reviewed their work to provide brief idea about innovation of internet. However, the work suffers huge from the limitations where most of the selected works in the article are repetition of the same topic and subjects. For example, the work selected from Jame Gillies and Robert Caillian tilled ‘How the web was born: the store of the World Wide Web’ is the repetition of the work of Stephen Bryant’s article ‘the story of internet’.
The article could be more interesting and readable if the author stages the development process of the internet may be within chronological order by citing different literatures. The article could be more interesting if the author relate the history of internet with the development of new form of media and effect on our society, politics as well as future development of it. To develop the work more in relatations to the critical analysis one could suggest the following reading could bring significance changes in the article.
References:
Tkacz, E. and Kapczynski, A. (2009), Internet technical development and application, Poland: Springer.
Nelson, P. and Lanier- Graham, S. (2000), Internet Development, LLC.
Briggs, A. and Burke, P. (2009), Social History of Media: From Gutenberg to the Internet, Cambridge: Polity Press.